{"id":11449,"date":"2025-12-10T09:39:36","date_gmt":"2025-12-10T09:39:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ferraristudio.it\/?p=11449"},"modified":"2025-12-17T09:28:32","modified_gmt":"2025-12-17T09:28:32","slug":"is-machine-translation-right-for-you-4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ferraristudio.it\/en\/is-machine-translation-right-for-you-4\/","title":{"rendered":"Impossible translations: why we struggle to translate words when we don\u2019t experience the\u00a0concept"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Original article by Mark W. Post, published on <em data-start=\"596\" data-end=\"618\">The Conversation<\/em>, 4 December 2025.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong>If you are fluent in any language other than English, you have probably noticed that some things are impossible to translate exactly.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>A Japanese designer marvelling at an object\u2019s <em>shibui<\/em> (a sort of simple yet timelessly elegant beauty) may feel stymied by English\u2019s lack of a precisely equivalent term.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Danish <em>hygge<\/em> refers to such a unique flavour of coziness that entire books seem to have been needed to explain it.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Portuguese speakers may struggle to convey their <em>saudade<\/em>, a mixture of yearning, wistfulness and melancholy. Speakers of Welsh will have an even harder time translating their <em>hiraeth<\/em>, which can carry a further sense of longing after one\u2019s specifically Celtic culture and traditions.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong>Imprisoned by language<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>The words of different languages can divide and package their speakers\u2019 thoughts and experiences differently, and provide support for the theory of \u201c<em>linguistic relativity<\/em>\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Also known as the Sapir\u2013Whorf hypothesis, this theory derives in part from the American linguist Edward Sapir\u2019s <strong>1929 claim<\/strong> that languages function to \u201cindex\u201d their speakers\u2019 \u201cnetwork of cultural patterns\u201d: if Danish speakers experience <em>hygge<\/em>, then they should have a word to talk about it; if English speakers don\u2019t, then we won\u2019t.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Yet Sapir also went a step further, claiming language users \u201cdo not live in the objective world alone [\u2026] but are very much at the mercy\u201d of their languages.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>This stronger theory of \u201clinguistic determinism\u201d implies English speakers may be imprisoned by our language. In this, we actually cannot experience <em>hygge<\/em> \u2013 or at least, not in the same way that a Danish person might. The missing word implies a missing concept: an empty gap in our world of experience.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong>Competing theories<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Few theories have proven as controversial. Sapir\u2019s student Benjamin Lee Whorf <strong>famously claimed<\/strong> in 1940 that the Hopi language\u2019s lack of verb tenses (past, present, future) indicated its speakers have a different \u201cpsychic experience\u201d of time and the universe than Western physicists.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>This was countered by a <strong>later study<\/strong> devoting nearly 400 pages to the language of time in Hopi, which included concepts such as \u201ctoday\u201d, \u201cJanuary\u201d and \u2013 yes \u2013 discussions of actions happening in the present, past and future.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Even heard of \u201c50 Inuit words for snow?\u201d <strong>Whorf again.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Although the number he actually claimed was closer to seven, this was later said to be both <strong>too many<\/strong> and <strong>too few<\/strong>. (It depends on how you define a \u201cword\u201d.)<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>More recently, the anthropological linguist Dan Everett <strong>claimed<\/strong> the Amazonian Pirah\u00e3 language lacks \u201crecursion\u201d, or the capacity to put one sentence inside another (\u201c{I trust {you\u2019ll come {to realise that {my theory is better.}}}}\u201d).<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>If true, this would suggest that Pirah\u00e3 differs in the exact property that Noam Chomsky has argued to be <strong>the principal defining property<\/strong> of any human language.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Once again, Everett\u2019s claims have been argued both to go <strong>too far<\/strong> and <strong>not far enough<\/strong>. The cycle would appear to be endless, such that two excellent <strong>recent books<\/strong> on the topic have adopted almost diametrically opposite perspectives \u2013 even down to the opposite wording of their titles!<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong>Language as a comfortable house<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>There is truth in both perspectives.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>At least some aspects of human languages must be identical or nearly so, since they are all used by members of the same human species, with the same sorts of bodies, brains and <strong>patterns of communication<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Yet recent increases in understanding of the world\u2019s Indigenous languages have taught us two important additional lessons. First, there is far more diversity among the world\u2019s languages than <strong>previously believed<\/strong>. Second, differences are often related to the patterns of culture and environment in which languages are <strong>traditionally spoken<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>For example, in many <strong>Himalayan languages<\/strong>, an expression like &#8220;that house&#8221; comes in three flavours: &#8220;that-house-upward&#8221;, &#8220;that-house-downward&#8221; and &#8220;that-house-on-the-same-level&#8221; \u2013 a reflection of the mountainous area these speakers live in.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>When their speakers migrate to lower-elevation regions, the system may shift from &#8220;upward\/downward&#8221; to &#8220;upriver\/downriver&#8221;. If there is no large enough river present then the distinction <strong>may disappear<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>In Indigenous Asian languages of peninsular Malaysia, there are <strong>large vocabularies<\/strong> referring to finely-distinguished natural odours. This is an index of the richly diverse foraging environment of their speakers.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Studies of small, tightly-knit communities like the Milang of northeastern India <strong>have revealed<\/strong> how languages can require speakers to mark their information source: whether a statement is the general knowledge of one&#8217;s social group, or is arrived at through a different type of source \u2013 such as hearsay, or deduction from evidence.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Speakers of languages with such &#8220;evidentiality&#8221; systems can learn to speak languages \u2013 like English \u2013 without them. Yet native language habits turn out to be hard to break. One <strong>recent study<\/strong> showed speakers of some languages with evidentiality add words like &#8220;reportedly&#8221; or &#8220;seemingly&#8221; into their statements more often than native English speakers.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p id=\"wnd_TextBlock_559302709_inner_0\" data-wnd_is_separable=\"1\" data-wnd_separable_index=\"0\" data-wnd_separable_id=\"wnd_TextBlock_559302709\">Human languages may not be a prison their speakers cannot escape from. They may be more like comfortable houses one finds it difficult to leave. Although a word from another language can always be borrowed, its unique cultural meanings may always remain just a little bit out of reach.<\/p>\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Translation is a bridge between cultures, but its strength depends on the quality of the source text. A clear, well-structured, and well-written text not only makes the translator\u2019s job easier, but also ensures that the message reaches the recipient intact. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":11452,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11449","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-senza-categoria"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Impossible translations: why we struggle to translate words when we don\u2019t experience the\u00a0concept - FERRARI Studio<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Is machine translation the right solution for your business? 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